About Ooty
Located in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, Ooty is a popular hill station known for its rolling tea plantations, pine forests, and the scenic Ooty Lake. Once a summer retreat for the British, this place now draws visitors year-round with its cool weather, colonial-era charm, and scenic views.
Location: Tamil Nadu, India
Exploration Time: 3 to 5 days
Overview
Type of destination: Nature, culture, hill station
Prime season: October to June
Languages spoken: Tamil, English, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam
Local modes of transport available:
- Government buses (TNSTC)
- Private buses and taxis
- Auto-rickshaws
- Toy Train (Nilgiri Mountain Railway)
- Rental scooters and cars
Located in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, Ooty is a well-known hill station known for its pleasant climate, scenic beauty, and British-era charm. Also known as Udhagamandalam, it is one of the top hill stations in the country. Some of the popular places to visit in Ooty include the Government Botanical Garden, Ooty Lake, Rose Garden, and Doddabetta Peak, which attract visitors year-round. The UNESCO-listed Nilgiri Mountain Railway adds a nostalgic charm with its winding route through misty hills and tea estates.
A trip to Ooty offers unique experiences such as boating on Ooty Lake, visit to tea museums, and handmade chocolates and eucalyptus oil in local markets. Though it doesn’t snow here, winter in Ooty, between November and February, brings cool, misty mornings and chilly evenings that are ideal for exploring the hill station’s beauty. Summers are perfect for sightseeing, with clear skies and colourful blooms all around. With its relaxed pace, natural greenery, and colonial heritage, Ooty is the ideal getaway for couples, families, and nature lovers alike.
Weather in Ooty
How to Reach Ooty
Places to Visit in Ooty
Situated about 2 kilometres from the main town, Ooty Lake is a major attraction developed in 1824 by John Sullivan. This artificial lake stretches over 65 acres and is surrounded by eucalyptus trees and a green walking track. You can enjoy boating here with pedal, motor, or row boats. Including this in your Ooty itinerary is highly recommended, especially for couples and families looking for relaxing activities.
Located around 10 kilometres from Ooty, Doddabetta is the highest peak in the Nilgiri Hills at an altitude of 2,637 metres. On clear days, it offers sweeping views of the Eastern and Western Ghats. The viewpoint includes a telescope house for panoramic sightseeing. It is ideal for nature lovers, trekkers, and first-time visitors alike.
The Government Rose Garden, spread across 10 acres on Elk Hill, is home to more than 20,000 varieties of roses, including hybrid and miniature ones. It is maintained by the Tamil Nadu Horticulture Department. This spot is perfect for those booking an Ooty winter tour package, especially between November and February when the weather is pleasant and floral displays are at their best.
Built in 1908, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway covers a 46 km stretch from Mettupalayam to Ooty, passing through 16 tunnels and over 200 bridges. This UNESCO World Heritage train is known for its charming blue coaches and steam locomotives. It offers a slow, scenic ride through dense forests and tea plantations, making it one of the most memorable experiences in Ooty.
Located on the lower slopes of Doddabetta Peak, this 55-acre garden was established in 1848 and is divided into multiple sections, including a fern house, Italian garden, and nurseries. It also houses a fossil tree estimated to be 20 million years old. A must-visit on Ooty family tour packages, the garden is ideal for educational trips and peaceful strolls.
Official Partnerships
Things to Do in Ooty
Adventure Things to Do in Ooty
Essential Travel Information & Local Experiences in Ooty
Ooty isn’t just about scenic views and tea plantations, but it is also a food lover’s stop with plenty of eateries. Here are some of the best dining places in Ooty where you can enjoy hearty meals and warm hospitality.
1. Earl’s Secret, Marlimund: Set in a vintage bungalow at King’s Cliff Hotel, Earl’s Secret offers a peaceful atmosphere with panoramic views of the hills. The menu includes Continental and Indian dishes, with popular dishes being their well-seasoned mutton biryani and rich Scotch eggs. It is a great pick for a relaxed lunch or a romantic dinner.
2. Shinkows, Commercial Road: Operating since 1954, this iconic Chinese restaurant still retains its old-world charm. Popular for dishes like pork chilli and chicken fried rice, Shinkows is known for keeping flavours authentic and portions generous. It remains a go-to place for satisfying, flavourful meals served with a nostalgic charm.
3. Place to Bee, Club Road: Located within the Bee Museum premises, this locally focused restaurant blends Italian favourites with regional touches. Their spinach and mushroom lasagna and thin-crust wood-fired pizzas are made with fresh Nilgiri produce. The warm ambience and eco-friendly approach add to the appeal.
4. Willy’s Coffee Pub, Commercial Road: Willy’s is a quiet, welcoming cafe filled with books, board games, and old-school decor. You can enjoy hot chocolate, toasted sandwiches, or their soft chocolate pancakes. It is a popular hangout for travellers and college students looking for a peaceful break.
5. Nahar’s Sidewalk Cafe, Charing Cross: Part of the Nahar Hotel group, this all-vegetarian cafe is known for its Italian fare and vintage interiors. Their thin-crust pizzas, chilli cheese toast, and pastas like Fungi Alfredo are consistent favourites. It is ideal for families or anyone craving a casual meal in central Ooty.
Known for its lush landscapes and cool climate, Ooty also offers excellent accommodation options for a relaxing getaway. Here are some top resorts and hotels that blend comfort with scenic views:
1. Glyngarth Resort, Hullathy Village: Located on a hilltop, Glyngarth offers uninterrupted views of the Masinagudi valley. This luxury resort features 21 well-appointed rooms, an infinity pool, an in-house bakery, and a multi-cuisine restaurant. Activities include cycling, treks, and plantation walks, ideal for nature lovers.
2. Sterling Ooty – Elk Hill, Ramakrishna Mutt Road: A popular choice among couples and families, the resort overlooks Ooty town and offers spacious rooms, a wellness spa, and an in-house observatory with telescopes. Guests can also enjoy local experiences like organic vegetable picking and traditional craft workshops.
3. Sinclairs Retreat, Gorishola Road: At 8,000 feet above sea level, this is the highest-located resort in South India. It features 88 rooms, an Ayurvedic spa, tennis and badminton courts, and a Spanish-themed bar. It is perfect for those looking to unwind far from city noise.
4. Club Mahindra Derby Green, Bailey Road: Spread across five acres beside the Ooty racecourse, this heritage-style resort offers cosy rooms, indoor activities, soft rope courses, and trekking options. Guests often relax with tea on the lawn or participate in curated local sightseeing.
5. Savoy – IHCL SeleQtions, Ooty: Dating back to the colonial era, this restored property by Taj is known for its elegant rooms, lush gardens, and regional cuisine inspired by the Badaga tribe. There is also a pet-friendly menu, pony rides, and a letter-writing corner, perfect for quiet, meaningful stays.
Ooty has a small but interesting selection of shopping spots where you can explore everything from woollen clothes to handmade chocolates, essential oils, and silver jewellery. Here are the main places to check out:
1. Ooty Main Bazaar
Located in the heart of the town, this is the most well-known market in Ooty. It is popular for homemade chocolates, eucalyptus oils, Toda silver jewellery, fresh local produce, and woollen wear.
2. Tibetan Market: Situated near the Government Botanical Garden, this market is known for colourful woollen items like sweaters, shawls, gloves, and socks, mostly sold by Tibetan families. You can also pick up souvenirs and try hot momos and noodle soup at the small food stalls here.
3. Upper Bazaar Road: A typical local market known for fresh vegetables, groceries, handmade pickles, and household goods. It is less touristy but gives you a good look at local life. Some stalls here also sell Nilgiri tea and oils in small quantities.
4. Commercial Road: This is one of the busiest shopping streets in Ooty, lined with local stores and a few branded outlets. You will find winter clothing, footwear, chocolates, cosmetics, and general travel supplies here. The area is also home to a few bakeries and cafés.
5. Charring Cross Area: A commercial junction with a variety of shops offering essential oils, tea packets, spices, handmade chocolates, and souvenirs. Nearby stores often offer combo gift packs with tea, oil, and chocolates, ideal for tourists.
Festivals in Ooty bring together culture, nature, and community spirit, offering travellers a unique local experience throughout the year. If you are planning your trip here, try to attend one of the following events:
1. Cultural Festivals
- Pongal: January
- Mariamman Temple Festival: April
- Toda Festival: April
- Aadi Perukku: August
- Christmas and New Year: December
2. Events
- Tea and Tourism Festival: January
- Vegetable Show, Kotagiri: May 3–4
- Spice Show, Gudalur: May 9–11
- Rose Show, Ooty: May 10–12
- Flower Show, Ooty: May 15–25
- Fruit Show, Coonoor: May 23–26
- Ooty Summer Festival: May
Nightlife experiences in ooty
Off-beat Places to Visit in Ooty
Key Experiences to Have in Ooty
Tips to Follow Before Visiting Ooty
Interesting Facts About Ooty
Ooty Most Popular Tours
Ooty FAQ's
What is Ooty famous for?
Ooty is famous for its waterfalls, Botanical Gardens, bustling markets, striking lakes, and the most prominent Tea factories. The panoramic view of the gleaming Nilgiri Mountain Range, clear skies and an array of tourist locations make this place a popular retreat among the tourists.
What is the best time to visit Ooty?
Ooty can be visited throughout the year. It is one place where seasons do not come in the way of tourists but offer something seasonally special to the tourists at the time of visit in terms of various experiences and places to visit in Ooty.
Summers in Ooty are pleasant while winters are cool. It is recommended though to visit Ooty sometime between October and June. It is that time of the year when the monsoons recede and winter comes with spring at its heels. To be more specific, winter and spring are the most appealing times to be touring Ooty.
What are the places I can visit in Ooty in 2 days?
Which is the highest waterfall in Ooty?
Cascading from a height of 400 feet, the Kolakombai Falls is the highest waterfall in Ooty. Witness the breathtaking sight of the loads of water cataract down the Kolakombai Hills. Ideal for trekking, biking and hiking, the trail to the top of this waterfall is one of the most popular things to do among the adventure seekers.
Which are the famous places to visit in Ooty?
1. Ooty Lake: Named after the city itself, the Ooty Lake is the topmost attraction worth visiting during your vacation in the hills. Surrounded by naturalness, the lake was artificially made in 1824, with initial purposes of fishing. Over the decades the site has become a hotspot for many activities like - boating, horse riding, cycling, picnics etc. which can be enjoyed by people of all ages and vacation expectations.
Location: 1 kilometre from the Bus--Station, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
Price: Entry starts from INR 13 for Indians | Boat Rides stars from INR 240 (additional charges for the camera, videotaping)
Timings: 9:00 am to 6:00 pm
2. Ooty Botanical Garden: Spanning over 55 acres of land, the Botanical Garden in Ooty is among the top attractions to see. It is managed and maintained by the Horticultural Department of Tamil Nadu and is divided into five sections - Fern House, Lower Garden, Italian Garden, Conservatory and Nurseries, housing thousands of plant varieties. It is all showcased with more panache during the famous Summer festival organized here.
Location: Nilgiris, Vannarapettai, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
Price: INR 30 per person for Adults | INR 15 per person for Children | INR 50 for Still Camera | INR 100 for Video Camera
Timings: 7:00 am to 6:30 pm
3. Kalhatty Waterfalls: Situated on the Ooty-Mysore Road, about 15 kilometres from the main city, Kalhatty Waterfalls is an alluring attraction to add to your Ooty itinerary. One has to go on a 2 kilometres long trek, starting from Kalahasti to reach the refreshing and marvellous cascade running against the mountains. Visitors can enjoy bird-watching, photography, a relaxing swim etc. here.
Location: Sigur Ghat Road, 13 kilometres from Ooty, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
Timings: 8:00 am to 6:00 pm
4. Mudumalai National Park: This is one of the best places to visit in Ooty, especially if you are a nature lover. Mudumalai National Park connects the Eastern and Western Ghats in Southern India and acts as a home to a diverse variety of flora, fauna and avifauna. It is also a declared Tiger Reserve with a population of 50 tigers which can be seen with trail walks and safari tours.
Location: NH 67, Gudalur NH 67, Gudalur, Devarshola, Tamil Nadu, 643223, India
Price: INR 30 per person Entry fee | INR 53 for Still Camera |INR 315 for Video Camera | INR 340 per person For Bus safari | INR 4200 per trip For Jeep safari | INR 1120 per trip For Elephant safari
Timings: 6:00 am to 6:00 pm
5. Wenlock Downs: Spanning over 80 acres of lush forest land, Wenlock Downs is among the best places to enjoy a picnic and nature walks. Covered in Eucalyptus trees and endless grasslands, many enthusiasts of the sport, can also play golf here or catch sight of grazing sheep and more beautiful Ooty sceneries.
Location: 17 kilometres Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
Timings: 9:00 am to 6:30 pm
6. Ooty Rose Garden: The perfect spot for romantic outings, the Rose Garden in Ooty is among the most famous places. Spread over 4 hectares of land, the garden contains over 20,000 varieties of roses from over the world, divided into many sections. The cold weather and the fragrant atmosphere is quite enjoyable, and it gets even better during the peak season when the ‘Flower Show’ is organized here.
Location: Bombay Kist, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
Price: INR 20 per person INR 30 for Still Camera | INR 75 for Video Camera
Timings: 8:30 am to 6:00 pm
7. St. Stephens Church: This is a 19th-century Church built by the British in India during the time of their Raj. It was built to commemorate the birthday of King George IV in classic colonial grandeur. The erstwhile attraction now is loved and visited by tourists for its architecture, intricate details and a prevailing history of Ooty.
Location: Club Road, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
Timings: 10:00 am to 1:00 pm | 3:00 pm to 5:00 pm (Sundays closed)
8. Tribal Research Centre: This tourist attraction is a must-visit in Ooty to learn about the Indigenous tribes who have lived here for centuries. Other than displaying prehistoric artefacts and stuffed animals in the museum, its research centre works on the social, cultural, economic and religious activities of the tribals of Southern India and elsewhere.
Location: Tribal Research Center, Nanjanad Road, Muttorai Palada, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, 634004, India
Timings: 10:00 am to 1:00 pm | 2:00 pm to 5:00 pm (Fridays closed)
9. Wax World Ooty: Located amidst green mountains and tea estates, at about 2 kilometres from the main Ooty City centre, Wax World is a wax museum that can give Madame Tussauds a run for their money. The museum showcases themes of villages and sculptures of Indian Freedom Fighters, such as Mahatma Gandhi Gopal Krishna Gokhale etc. to explore here.
Location: Opposite to Lake-BoatHouse, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643002, India
Price: INR 20 per person | INR 30 for Still Camera
Timings: 9:00 am to 8:00 pm
10. Nilgiri Mountain Railways: An important part of the tourism in Ooty, the Nilgiri Mountain Railways operates the renowned Toy Train between Ooty to Coonoor and Mettupalayam daily, to and fro. And boarding the train and taking the journey is indeed one of the best experiences and surrounding visuals you can relish during the trip.
Location: Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
Price: Per person INR 205 per person in First Class | INR 30 per person in Second Class | INR 15 for Unreserved category
Timings: Ooty to Mettupalayam - 2:00 pm | Ooty to Coonoor - 9:15 am, 12:15 pm, 2:00 pm, 6:00 pm
Which are the best things to do in Ooty?
Here are some best things to do in Ooty:
1. Nilgiri Mountain Railway Toy Train Ride: The Toy Train is one of the most defining attractions and part of Ooty tourism. Operational between Coonoor and Ooty, and Mettupalayam and Ooty both to and fro, you and your loved ones must make it a point to go on a toy train journey amidst the verdant and visually appealing routes of the Nilgiri Mountains. Also, several trains depart from the three stops multiple times in a day.
Location: Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
Price: Per person INR 205 per person in First Class | 30 per person in Second Class | 15 for Unreserved category
Timings: Ooty to Mettupalayam - 2:00 pm | Ooty to Coonoor - 9:15 am, 12:15 pm, 2:00 pm, 6:00 pm
2. Visit Toda Tribal Huts: The Toda Huts are one of the unique sightseeing attractions in Ooty. It is a colony of houses where the closely-knit Toda communities reside. The huts have interesting designs with no windows and a semi-barrel shape used for storage, a shelter for cattle and rest for the people. By visiting these homes, visitors can learn about the indigenous culture and the history of Ooty.
Location: Ooty, Tamil Nadu, 643002, India
Timings: 10:00 am to 5:00 pm
3. Go Deer Spotting at Ooty Deer Park: Established in 1986 over 22 acres of land, the Deer Park in Ooty now accounts as one of the most interesting places to visit. Rich in both flora and fauna, the park is home to a variety of deers including such as Sambhar and the Chithal which are also the main highlight of the park. Located close to the Ooty Lake, one can take a quick stroll to get here and interact with hares and rabbits, other than the deers.
Location: Westmere, Ooty, Tamil Nadu 643006, India
Timings: 10:00 am to 6:00 pm
4. Boating at Ooty Lake: Ooty Lake was constructed in 1824 to encourage fishing in the region, but over time has become more than that. Surrounded by some of the best views in the city, of hills and forest, the artificial water body now serves as one of the best tourist attractions. Visitors, both locals and tourists alike, come here to enjoy a picnic, cycling, stroll and the most important - different types of boat rides.
Location: 1 kilometre from the Bus--Station, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
Price: Entry starts from INR 13 for Indians | Boat Rides stars from INR 240 (additional charges for the camera, videotaping)
Timings: 9:00 am to 6:00 pm
5. Attend the Summer Festival: The Summer Festival in Ooty is a colourful affair that takes place in May. It is one of the biggest events organized by the Tamil Nadu Tourism Department to promote the local culture and goods. The Botanical Garden is the grand venue where Flower, Spice, Rose, and Fruit Shows are showcased. You can choose to attend any or all of them and have a different kind of experience.
Location: Ooty Botanical Garden - Nilgiris, Vannarapettai, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
Price: INR 15 to 30 per person
Timings: 9:00 am to 7:00 pm
6. Enjoy the Nightlife at local pubs: When one thinks of Ooty, nightlife and clubs aren’t the first things that come to mind. But if you are a night owl and someone who would like to enjoy their evenings as much as their days, there are some fancy and posh dining and drinking outlets in the city. Places like the Valley Bar and Selbournes Bar are especially popular among the local youths and tourists to savour a drink with chill ambience and good music.
Location: The Valley Bar, Canterbury Bar, Selbournes Bar etc., Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
Timings: 8:00 to 12:00 am
7. Catch up on Reading at Higginbothams Bookstore: This is the oldest bookstores in Ooty, making it almost like a heritage attraction. People who love buying or reading books should definitely plan out an afternoon visit here. One can find old classics to original copies in mint conditions. You can sit here and flip page upon page delving into the world of fantasy or thriller, or simply enjoy the quiet and rustic ambience.
Location: Super Market Complex, Commercial Rd, Opp: Hotel Nahar, Ooty, Tamil Nadu 643001, India
Timings: 10:00 am to 8:00 pm
8. Doddabetta Peak Trek: Ooty, a gorgeous hill station in the Nilgiri Range of Tamil Nadu is home to several forests, mountain and lakeside trails, perfect for trekking excursions. Whether you are an advanced level trekker or some starting out, you will find just the trail that matches your level of difficulty. With that said, one of the most popular sites and challenges to overcome is the peaking Doddabetta Mountain with an elevation of 2,637 metres, making it the highest peak in the Nilgiris.
Location: Glenmorgan, Doddabetta Peak, Pine Forest etc., Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
Price: Starts from INR 1500 per person
9. Camping: Who doesn’t like an outdoorsy adventure, particularly camping? And to make your camping dreams come true, Ooty has too many places. Be it in the woods of the Pine Forest, the many lakes like - Avalanche, Emerald etc. or the nearby outlooks like Masanigudi and Coonoor, there are dedicated and planned camping sites where you can enjoy the open skies, gimmer of the stars, bonfires and still get all the comforts like well-appointed tents, meals and other amenities.
Location: Avalanche Lake, Kotagiri, Masinagudi etc
Price: Starts from INR 1200 per person
10. Shopping: Shopping is one universal activity that everyone does when they visit a new place or before returning home to collect trinkets, buy souvenirs and many regional speciality items. And Ooty is no different, the ‘Queen of the Hill stations’ is also a queen when it comes to making purchases for a variety of goods. There are local markets with shops and stall like - Main Bazaar, Tibetan Market etc. and there are also special shops like Chamraj Tea Shop, Higginbothams Bookstore, Doddabetta Tea Factory etc. from where you can bring back apparels, footwear, winter wear, accessories, tea, spices, homemade chocolate, books and other products.
Location: Charing Cross, Tibetan Market, Upper Bazaar Road
Which is the best area to stay in Ooty?
2. Havelock Road: Havelock Road is a very active area with a number of popular hotels and nearby tourist spots. The St. Stephen’s Church is located at a walkable distance from this area.
3. Thalayathimund: Thalayathimund is a serene and tranquil area offering spellbinding mountain views. This area is located at a very small distance from the Ooty View Point and the Tea Museum.
4. Pudumund: Pudumund is known for its colonial style structures, bakeries, and chocolate shops. The Sacred Heart Cathedral, Union Church, Tibetan Market, and Government Botanical Garden are the major attractions of this area.
Which are the best places to experience local cuisine in Ooty?
Ooty is renowned for its bakery products and special homegrown beverages. It is wise to try out the fudges, chocolates and other bakery delicacies alongside the tea from the region.
Some of the famous local food joints are:
1. Earl’s Secret
2. Place to Bee
3. Nahar’s Sidewalk Cafe
4. Quality Restaurant
5. Cliff Top International Cuisine
6. King’s Cliff
Which are the famous tea-plantation stays in Ooty?
2. O’land Plantation Stay: Situated in the outskirts from both Ooty and Coonoor, O’land Stay enjoys the positioning amidst a 120-acre tea plantation where peppers, coffees and oranges also grow. The property has spacious rooms and other amenities which complement the quiet and tranquil atmosphere. The site also has two waterfalls and plenty of outdoor activities to enjoy
3. Glendale Stays: It is a franchise brand which has several properties scattered across Ooty and Coonoor. Among them is the Adderley plantation stay is a bungalow-style homestay. Surrounded by the luscious tea gardens, the property has five bedrooms with exceptional views. Other than that, it covers all the essential amenities and even arranges outdoor activities like treks and nature walks.
4. Devashola Mango Tree Bungalow: This is a gorgeous homestay property that sits in the midst of tea, spice and coffee plantations that span 650 acres of land. The Devashola Stay offers two spacious and well-appointed rooms, a kitchen, common seating area, ayurvedic spa facility, along with many outdoor activities like treks, bird watching etc. to enjoy the enveloping landscapes.
How do you get to Catherine falls in Ooty?
Catherine Falls is located at Kotagiri which is around 36 Km away from Ooty. The place is well-connected to the roadways via the Kotagiri-Mettupalayam Road, therefore it is absolutely convenient to reach by a personal vehicle, cab or bus.
What are the best public transport modes to commute around Ooty?
In Ooty when it comes to public transport, there are a wide range of options. One can avail of rented private cabs or go for tour buses and local buses. There are also three wheeler scooter rickshaws available for shorter distances.
Where can I go shopping in Ooty?
You can head to Charing Cross, Tibetan Road, Ooty Lake, Main Bazaar, or Commercial Street, to satiate your shopping cravings. From winter clothing to locally produced tea, fruit cheese, essential oils, chocolates, and handicrafts, the markets in Ooty brim with goods that would certainly lure the interest of a shopaholic.
What is there to do in Ooty at night?
How far is Mudumalai national park from Ooty? What is the cost of safari?
Mudumalai National Park is at a distance of 41.2 km from ooty. It takes around 1 hour 30 minutes approximately to reach the park while travelling via Mysore. The national park lies on the north western part of the Nilgiri Hills, on the margins of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. It is famous for elephants, Gaur, Chital, tigers and Leopards. The entire expanse of the national park encompasses 5 ranges, namely, Masinagudi, Theppakadu, Mudumalai, Kargudi and Nellakota.
The cost of the safari in a van is around 50 rupees while the safari on the back of an elephant will cost you around 100 rupees. You can also customize your safari experience as you wish and charges will also be designed accordingly. Private vehicles are not allowed inside the sanctuary.












